Monkeypox virus causes the disease in both humans and animals. Monkeypox is a viral zoonosis (a virus which transfers from animal to human) virus is similar to as seen in patients of smallpox, it’s not that sever. Monkeypox was first found by Preben Von Macaque in 1958 as a pathogen of crab-eating macaque monkeys these monkeys were used as laboratory animals. When two outbreaks of a smallpox-like disease were discovered in study monkey colonies. The crab-eating macaque is frequently utilised in neurological studies. Monkeypox virus belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus, which includes other viral species that infect mammals.

The first instance of this virus was discovered in 1970, and roughly 50 cases were recorded between 1970 and 1979, the majority of which were from Zaire. Others came from Nigeria, Liberia, the Ivory Coast, and Sierra Leone, among others. The major route of infection is thought to be contacted with infected animals or their bodily fluids. The virus enters the body through damaged skin or mucous membranes (eyes, nose, or mouth). Close contact with an infected person is regarded to be the primary mode of human-to-human transmission. Bite or scratch, bush meat preparation, direct contact with body fluids or lesion material, or indirect contact with lesion material, like through contaminated bedding, are all possible ways for animals to transmit disease to humans. The time of incubation is 10–14 days, but it can range from 5 to 21 days. This infection is divided in two parts: first one is the invasion period in which headache, muscle pains fever etc. happens. The second one is called skin eruption usually begins within 1 to 3 days of fever.

Most of the symptoms were headaches, muscle pains, fever, and weariness are common early symptoms. The disease can resemble chickenpox, measles, or smallpox at first, but is recognized by the presence of swollen glands. Before the rash appears, these typically appear near the ear and jaw, in the neck, or in the groyne. Lesions typically occur on the face after a few days of the fever, then spread out to the palms of the hands and soles of the feet in a centrifugal pattern. Lesions on the palms and soles affect three-quarters of those affected, more than two-thirds in the mouth, a third in the genitals, and one in five in the eyes. They began out as small flat patches before developing into small bumps that fill with clear and then yellow fluid before bursting and scabbling. There may be a few or several thousand lesions, which may merge to form larger lesions. Lesions develop in the same stage in every section of the body affected. The rash resembles that of smallpox. Affected people might expect to remain ill for two to four weeks. After healing, they may leave faint traces before fading. Monkeypox is usually a self-limiting illness that lasts between two and four weeks. Severe cases are more common in youngsters and are linked to the amount of virus exposure, the patient's condition, and the type of problems. Immune inadequacies could exacerbate the situation.

Generally occurring in a remote area in the centre and West Africa, it affects not only this area but also the rest of the world. The first monkeypox outburst outside of Africa was in the United States of America and was linked to contact with infected pet prairie dogs. These animals were transported from Ghana and were housed by Gambian pouched rats and dormice. This outbreak resulted in about 70 cases of monkeypox in the United States. Monkeypox has been recorded in travellers from Nigeria to Israel in September 2018, the United Kingdom in December 2018, May 2021 and May 2022, Singapore in May 2019, and the United States of America in July and November of 2021. In May 2022, monkeypox cases were detected in a number of non-endemic nations. Right now, epidemiology, infectious sources, and transmission patterns are all being researched. Rash disorders, such as chickenpox, measles, bacterial skin infections, scabies, syphilis, and medication-related allergies, must be examined in the clinical differential diagnosis. Lymphadenopathy can be used to identify monkeypox from chickenpox or smallpox during the symptomatic stage of sickness.

A few examinations have shown that smallpox inoculation is approx.85% effective in preventing monkeypox. Thus, prior immunization against smallpox might bring about a milder infection. Smallpox immunizations from the original areas of now not accessible to everybody. Some laboratory employees or health care workers may have got a more modern smallpox vaccines to protect them from orthopoxviruses in the workplace.

In 2019, a more recent vaccination based on a modified diluted vaccinia virus (Ankara strain) was authorised for monkeypox prevention. This is a two-dose vaccine that is still in short supply. Because of the cross-protection provided for the immune response to orthopoxviruses, smallpox and monkeypox vaccines are based on the vaccinia virus. Smallpox vaccination is used against monkeypox because virus are closely related, and it is anticipated that this vaccine will protect from human monkeypox. After some time the vaccination was stopped as the disease was eradicated. The smallpox vaccine has been shown that is has been minimized the risk of monkeypox to the people who were previously vaccinated. If immunity is not weak it can help to reduce the spread of monkeypox.  As a number of smallpox vaccination is done there was less number of unvaccinated people.  The US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that anybody investigating monkeypox outbreaks or caring for afflicted people or animals get a smallpox immunisation to protect themselves from the disease. Vaccination is also recommended for anyone who had close or personal contact with monkeypox-infected individuals or animals. Pre-exposure immunisation is not recommended for unexposed veterinarians, veterinary workers, or animal control officials unless they are participating in field investigations.

The main prevention strategy for monkeypox is to raise public knowledge of risk factors and educate each and every individual about the steps they may take to decrease virus exposure. The feasibility and suitability of vaccination for the prevention and control of monkeypox are now being investigated in scientific investigations.

Monkeypox is not that severe it can be handled, if precautions are taken vaccination is done then there is less chance of damage and spread of monkeypox in humans. Some people are recovering very fast without having treatment, monkeypox is similar to smallpox it can be treated easily. Scientists are not panicking as much as their situation was during the COVID pandemic because they don’t know what was it exactly but after a lot of effort, they were successful to make vaccine. But in the case of monkeypox, its vaccine is not available but it’s just similar to smallpox so a vaccine for smallpox can control it. We have trust on our scientists will successfully bring the vaccine for monkeypox. Soon people will overcome from monkeypox virus.